The newly mechanized cotton industry in England during . Slave PURPOSE. The legal prohibition against slave testimony about whites denied enslaved people the ability to provide evidence of their victimization. TuesdaySunday 9 a.m.5 p.m. Most notable was the work of Atlanta native Martin Luther King, Jr., who established the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957 in that city and from there led a series of protests around the country that became known as the civil rights movement. Mart A. Stewart, What Nature Suffers to Groe: Life, Labor, and Landscape on the Georgia Coast, 1680-1920 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2002). From the William E. Wilson Photographs, MS 1375. Although the organisers said they'd not break up families, it soon proved a hollow promise. a second volley compelled them to again fall back. The notion of white supremacy took on a new justification in the mid-nineteenth century. The system encouraged both the landowner and the sharecropper to strive for large harvests and thus often led to the land being mined of its fertility. By 1800 the enslaved population in Georgia had more than doubled, to 59,699, and by 1810 the number of enslaved people had grown to 105,218. This is a list of plantations and/or plantation houses in the U.S. state of Georgia that are National Historic Landmarks, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, listed on a heritage register, or are otherwise significant for their history, association with significant events or people, or their architecture and design. including surname. Young, Jeffrey. Both these factors led to a rise in slavery in western and northern Georgia. Creeks retreated a short distance, when they again formed in line, but In Georgia in 1860 there were 482 farms of 1,000 acres or more, the largest size category enumerated in the census, and another 1,359 farms of 500-999 acres. Leslie Harris and Daina Berry (Athens, University of Georgia Press, 2016). Print Harvesting the Rice. From the Georgia Historical Society Collection of Photographs, MS1361PH. By the beginning of the nineteenth century, new technology used in rice production began replacing laborers. Also known as the Elliston-Farrell House. During cholera epidemics on some Lowcountry plantations, more than half the enslaved population died in a matter of months. ALEXANDER, A. C. S., 73 slaves, District 6, page 353B, ALEXANDER, G. W., Joel W. Perry for minors of, 33 slaves, District 28 & 26, page 372, ALEXANDER, Martin T., 47 slaves, District 28, page 365, AVERITT, Abner, 40 slaves, District 4 & 28, page 362, BRYAN, William B. lower because some large holders held slaves in more than one County and they would have been counted as a separate After the war the explosive growth of the textile industry promised to turn cotton into a lucrative staple cropif only efficient methods of cleaning the tenacious seeds from the cotton fibers could be developed. A brief film on the plantations history is shown before visitors walk a short trail to the antebellum home. Young, Jeffrey. In 1785, just before the genesis of the cotton plantation system, a Georgia merchant had claimed that slavery was to the Trade of the Country, as the Soul [is] to the Body. Seventy-five years later Georgia politician Alexander Stephens noted that slavery had become a moral as well as an economic foundation for white plantation culture. William Mills - 20 2. Courtesy of New York Historical Society, Photograph by Pierre Havens.. Today, through its dwellings, servant quarters, museum, artifacts, photo exhibits, and video presentation, the life of a slave on a coastal Georgia rice plantation . A segregated school system offered inferior education to the Black community as well. (p. 363), Continue to Exchanges in Slavery and Freedom, RESEARCH CENTER the fire and was included in the plans for the new house. Following the holder list is a was fought at the plantation of Doctor Shepherd, in Stewart county. Joseph P. Reidy, From Slavery to Agrarian Capitalism in the Cotton Plantation South: Central Georgia, 1800-1880 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992). Garmany ordered his men to retreat. McAlpin operated a lumber mill and foundry in addition to his rice plantation and brick kilns. White southerners were worried enough about slave revolts to enact expensive and unpopular slave patrols, groups of men who monitored gatherings, stopped and questioned enslaved people traveling at night, and randomly searched enslaved families homes. This historic antebellum estate was the site of major sugar production in the 1800s. Through these challenges black slaves earned some of the benefits their predecessors had earned on coastal rice plantations. Also known as Beechwood Hall. The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. the source or at the time of the source, with African American being used otherwise. "Slavery in Antebellum Georgia." return to Home and Links Page. amounted to 231". Other statutes made the circulation of abolitionist material a capital offense and outlawed literacy and unsupervised assembly among enslaved people. The Loggia wing, added in 1914, was saved from ], portions on 363B and 373B, TAYLOR, Henry, 60 slaves, District 28, page 366, TAYLOR, J. J. Est. Georgia, by Robert Stafford in the early 1800s. For 1865 and 1866, the section on abandoned and confiscated lands includes the names of the owners of the plantations or homes that were abandoned, confiscated, or leased. An enslaved family picking cotton outside Savannah in the 1850s. these larger slaveholders, the data seems to show in general not many freed slaves in 1870 were using the surname of their 1850, the slave census was also separate from the free census, but in earlier years it was a part of the free census. Anna Kingsley, who was a princess in Africa, was captured and sold into slavery in Cuba in the early 1800s. 2,826, while the "colored" population increased about 3% to 4,172. The page The new house was constructed in the following 18 months and was Development]. By the 1870 census, the white population had increased about 35% to on African Americans in the 1870 census was obtained using Heritage Quest's CD "African-Americans in the 1870 U.S. This technological advance presented Georgia planters with a staple crop that could be grown over much of the state. Jay, 31 slaves, District 28, page 364B, CRAWFORD, Chas. Although the law technically prohibited whites from abusing or killing enslaved people, it was extremely rare for whites to be prosecuted and convicted for these crimes. Between 1890 and 1920 terrorist mobs in Georgia lynched many African Americans; in 1906 white mobs rioted against Blacks in Atlanta, leaving several Black residents dead and many homes destroyed. Many were able to live in family units, spending together their limited time away from the enslavers fields. Since the colonial era, children born of enslaved mothers were deemed chattel, doomed to follow the condition of the mother irrespective of the fathers status. successful. The plantation system, in a modified form, spread inland, with cotton fueling the expansion. They viewed the Christian slave mission as evidence of their own good intentions. If the surname is not on this list, the microfilm can be viewed of the most slaves with the least amount of transcription work. enumerated with the same surname. Your support helps us commission new entries and update existing content. Georgia's Plantations. Andalusia Is the name of Southern American author Flannery O'Connor's rural Georgia estate. Requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource should be submitted to the Georgia Archives. The Hermitage brick business boomed during Savannahs recovery after the1820 fire, and the brick can still be found forming the walls of many historic Savannah buildings. County, accounting for 2,539 slaves, or 62% of the County total. Throughout the antebellum era some 30,000 enslaved African Americans resided in the Lowcountry, where they enjoyed a relatively high degree of autonomy from white supervision. Beginning in late July and continuing through December, enslaved workers would each pick between 250 and 300 pounds of cotton per day. indexes almost always do not include the slave census. Instead, the number of enslaved African Americans imported from the Chesapeakes stagnant plantation economy as well as the number of children born to enslaved mothers continued to outpace those who died or were transported from Georgia. "Pansy" Ireland. Cryer sold his land to Carnes in 1792, consolidating the 966 acres into one . Atlantas business community pursued a more open, progressive approach to the African American community than did many other Southern cities. Stockbridge, GA 30281Reservations 1-800-864-7275 The information on surname matches of 1870 African Americans and 1860 slaveholders is intended merely to provide data African American descendants of persons who were enslaved in Early County, Georgia in 1860, if they have an idea of the Ophelia was the last heir to the rich traditions of her ancestors, and she left the plantation to the state of Georgia in 1973. It should be noted however, that in Abraham Kuykendall - 5 5. SURNAME MATCHES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS: (exact surname spellings only are reported, no spelling variations or soundex), (SURNAME, # in US, in State, in County, born in State, born and living in State, born in State and living in County). FORMAT. Jeffrey Robert Young, Domesticating Slavery: The Master Class in Georgia and South Carolina, 1670-1837 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999). Pet Notice: A number of enslavedartisans in Savannah were hired out by their owners, meaning that they worked and sometimes lived away from their enslavers. The inferiority of black people confirmed the necessity, if not the benevolence, of mastership. The religious instruction offered by whites, moreover, reinforced slaveholders authority by reminding enslaved African Americans of scriptural admonishments that they should give single-minded obedience to their earthly masters with fear and trembling, as if to Christ., This melding of religion and slavery did not protect enslaved people from exploitation and cruelty at the hands of their owners, but it magnified the role played by slavery in the identity of the planter elite. The Great Depression of the 1930s brought even greater suffering to the state and forced hundreds of thousands of sharecroppers out of farming. Tel 912.651.2128 Marietta became the site of a giant factory where B-29 bombers were built. U.S. Racially related terms such as African American, black, mulatto and colored are used as in Freed slaves, if listed in the next census, in 1870, would have been reported with their full name, As of 1800, maps showed 68 plantations outside the villages of Cruz and Coral Bay. Pebble Hill sold in 1896 to A. R. Waud's sketch Rice Culture on the Ogeechee, Near Savannah, Georgia depicts enslaved African Americans working in the rice fields. Lester Maddox, largely remembered as a prominent opponent of desegregation, was elected governor in 1967. journals provide a record of the lives of the slaves on Kollock's the ancestor is found to have been a slaveholder, a viewing of the slave census will provide an informed sense of the extent Alabama, up 37,000 (8%); North Carolina, up 31,000 (8%); Florida, up 27,000 (41%); Ohio, up 26,000 (70%); Indiana, up [1][2][3], As of 1728, there were 91 plantation lots defined on Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands. slaveholder in each County. the holders transcribed. Come to Hiawassee, GA where the Blue Ridge Mountains keep proud watch over beautiful Lake Chatuge. stamped number and a "B" being used to designate the pages without a stamped number. Their home, built by slave labor in 1845, was preserved by three generations of the Smith family and is now open to the public as a museum. names of plantations in this County with the names of the large holders on this list should not be a difficult research task, but This entrenched pattern was not broken until the scourge of the boll weevil in the late 1910s and early 20s ended the long reign of King Cotton.. William Fletcher - 4 6. Language: The material is in English. In other words, only half of Georgias slaveholders enslaved more than a handful of people, and Georgias planters constituted less than 5 percent of the states adult white male population. Atlanta newspaper editor and journalist Henry Grady became a leading voice for turning toward a more industrial, commercial-based economy in Georgia. World War II revitalized Georgias economy as agricultural prices rose and U.S. military bases in the state were expandednotably Fort Benning in Columbus. K. Philander Doesticks, the piece was published as a stand alone pamphlet in 1863 (featured above). 2,092 whites, 0 "free colored" and 4,057 slaves. Slaveholders controlled not only the best land and the vast majority of personal property in the state but also the state political system. . Frequently Georgia enslaved families cultivated their own gardens and raised livestock, and enslaved men sometimes supplemented their families diets by hunting and fishing. In the early 1800s, using enslaved African laborers, William Brailsford of Charleston carved a rice plantation from marshes along the Altamaha River. In the wake of war, however, white and Black Georgia residents articulated opposite views about emancipation. With an inexpensive cotton gin a man could remove seed from as much cotton in one day as a woman could de-seed in two months working at a rate of about one pound per day. of large farms must have resulted in lots of duplication of plantation names. The publication of slave narratives and Uncle Toms Cabin in 1852 further agitated abolitionist forces (and slave owners anxieties) by putting a human face on those held by slavery. Most of this growth has occurred in and around Atlanta, which by the end of the 20th century had gained international stature, largely through its hosting of the 1996 Olympic Games. belonged to the merchant class, along with doctors and lawyers were in the lowest class in Georgia during the antebellum era. The most salient were sugar plantations, but there were cotton plantations and livestock plantations. Sharing the prejudice that slaveholders harbored against African Americans, nonslaveholding whites believed that the abolition of slavery would destroy their own economic prospects and bring catastrophe to the state as a whole. enumerated in 1860 without giving their names, only their sex and age and indication of any handicaps, such as deaf or blind (WJXT) Anna and some family fled to Haiti after the United States took control of Florida. If the ancestor is not on this list, the 1860 slave census microfilm can be Tragedy struck in 1934 when the 1850 portion of the Main House was This article describes the plantation system in America as an instrument of British colonialism characterized by social and political inequality. P. & Joel T., 109 slaves, District 4 & 5 & 28, page 356B, FREEMAN, James & YELLDELL, Ellen, 49 slaves, District 28, page 365, GRIST, Richard J. F., 100 slaves, District 4 & 5 & 28, page 356, HARRELL, Dempsy, 60 slaves, District 26, page 370, HARRIS, Joshua, 41 slaves, District 4 & 28, page 3363 ends 362B, HIGHTOWER, Henry Allen, 39 slaves, District 6, page 354B, HIGHTOWER, Joel, 54 slaves, District 6, page 353, HILL, Richard B., 62 slaves, District 4 & 5 & 28, page 357B, HOLMES, G. Wyatt, 30 slaves, District 28, page 367, JOHNSTON, David S., 86 slaves, District 28 & 26, page 372, KOONCE, Susan, 33 slaves, District 28, page 364, MATHEWS, Sarah Hutchins, by John Mathews, 60 slaves, District 28, page 373, MAXWELL, Sarah N., 64 slaves, District 4 & 5 & 28, page 357, MCCLARY, Samuel, 38 slaves, District 28, page 366B, MERCIER, George W., 47 slaves, District 4 & 28, page 363, NESBITT, Martha D., 79 slaves, District 4 & 5 & 28, page 358, OLIVER, Joshua B., 37 slaves, District 6, page 355B, PERRY, Joel W., 40 slaves, District 28, page 364, RANSOM?, James, 73 slaves, District 28, page 363B, REDDICK, John, 42 slaves, District 6, page 355, ROBINSON, Bolling H., 49 slaves, District 5 & 26 & 1164, page 373B, SALTER, James, 31 slaves, District 6, page 354B, SALTER, Thos., 49 slaves, District 5, page 374, SHACKLEFORD, James, 231 slaves, District 26, page 368, SPEIGHT, Thomas E., 45 slaves, District 28, page 365B, STAFFORD, S. S., 39 slaves, District [? 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