The Death of Socrates (French: La Mort de Socrate) is an oil on canvas painted by French painter Jacques-Louis David in 1787. And, further, Socrates argues that stories which reflect any sort of injustice triumphing over justice, in whatever way, must be expunged from the ideal state. The word Mythology comes from the Greek word mythos for 'story - of - the - people', and logos for 'word' or 'speech'. Additionally, Socrates hand is frozen at the moment when he is just about to reach for the poison, which heightens the dramatic effect of the scene. Ingres' subject matter is borrowed from an episode in . The Phaedo depicts the death of Socrates and is also Plato's fourth and last dialogue to detail the philosopher's final days, which is also detailed in Euthyphro, Apology, and Crito. . Jacques Louis David French. He leans into the nymph, his body language revealing his thoughts more than Ingres' stark and serious portrayal of the God. In 1848, he made a single pencil copy. Summary []. The painting focuses on a classical subject like many of his works from that decade, in this case the story of the execution of Socrates as told by Plato in his Phaedo.. However, it was only several years later that he would paint this iconic scene for a commission. Philosophy. ." [2][3], David uses color to highlight the emotion in this painting. Close-up of the figures to Socrates left in The Death of Socrates (1787) by Jacques-Louis David;Jacques-Louis David, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons. His stature, poised yet relaxed, shows the weight of his importance in this scene. Perhaps Ingres was trying to show further contrast between the characters so as to exemplify their differences.Lighting: Like most of Ingres' figures, Jupiter and Thetis are heavily outlined. Hallmarks of the new style are in full evidence here in the clear geometry of the architectural setting and the classicism of the figural types, costumes, and dcor. His head and shoulders are drooped, and he is covering his face, as if he cannot look at what is about to happen, seemingly reluctant in his body posture. Socrates uses his death as a final lesson for his pupils rather than fleeing when the opportunity arises, and faces it calmly. So dramatic and representational literature ought to be banned from the state. The Death of Socrates depicts the ancient Greek philosopher in prison in 399 B.C. The latter is believed to be Crito, whose right hand is clutched onto Socrates thigh. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Cignaroli's work shows Socrates already dead, surrounded by his anguished followers. The Portrait of Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier and his Wife is a double portrait of the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier and his wife and collaborator Marie-Anne Pierrette Paulze, commissioned from the French painter Jacques-Louis David in 1788 [1] by Marie-Anne (who had been taught drawing by David). Close-up of Socrates (left) and Crito (right) in The Death of Socrates (1787) by Jacques-Louis David;Jacques-Louis David, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons. Achilles counseled to help the Greeks if they gave him gifts Iliad IX, 515. Ingres brings the words of Homer's Iliad to life in his depiction of Jupiter and Thetis. In this scene of Mount Olympus, Thetis, a mere nymph (a class of lesser deities of mythology, conceived of as beautiful maidens inhabiting the sea rivers, woods, trees, mountains, meadows) pleads with the mighty God, Jupiter, for the life of her son Achilles. 0 references. Iliad I, 599. and any corresponding bookmarks? As a result, he was sentenced to death. ." Name: Socrates. They view this piece not just for its artistic vision of grandiose but also for the sexual nature Ingres displayed time and time again throughout his career.Contemporary Reception: Some art historians of today like to exemplify what they consider the most important part of Ingres work, his erotic features. . The ideas being worked out on this sheet, put down with urgency and numerous reworkings, represent the conceptual framework that would become one of the most important paintings hanging in our galleries: Jacques Louis Davids Death of Socrates, painted in 1787. In 1931, the painting was sold to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, where it has stayed since. A. D. Ingres: The Apotheosis of Flaxman". Socrates did not compromise on what he believed in and chose to die instead, surrounded by his students. "Without the knowledge of their parents" Iliad XIV, 281. Jupiter is the chief god in Roman mythology ('Zeus' in Greek mythology), and the supreme ruler of the gods and human beings. 20002023 The Metropolitan Museum of Art. He displays the corporal qualities he sees fitting for each gender; Jupiter possesses a hard muscular body to Thetis' sensuous, voluptuous curves. . So it is, Socrates argues, that the future Guardians of the state will be trained in the beautiful and the good in their childhood, and, as they mature, they will recognize and value these qualities and thus retain their virtue. He was born in Paris, France, and became one of the most notable artists of the Neoclassical art movement. heart of a stag . Plato is depicted as an old man in this picture, but at the time of the death of Socrates he was between 24 and 29 years old. Jacques-Louis David was a supporter of the revolution and reportedly acquaintances with the often-termed tyrant, Maximilien Robespierre, who was a key figure in various parts of the revolution, including the Reign of Terror that occurred around 1793. An elderly man, Plato, sits at the end of the bed, slumped over and looking in his lap. Jupiter and Thetis is an 1811 painting by the French neoclassical painter Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, in the Muse Granet, Aix-en-Provence, France. The painting was part of the neoclassical style, popular in the 1780s, that depicted subjects from the Classical age, in this case the story of the execution of Socrates as told by Plato in his Phaedo. Get the latest information and tips about everything Art with our bi-weekly newsletter. Other critics agree. He did not want to flee as he would encounter the same fate in any other country. Art, 24.11.2019 . Socrates, while elderly, is depicted as rather more handsome and fit than a 70-year old of his era would be in a more realistic depiction; his face is also much more idealized than the classical bust that is typically used as a reference portrait of Socrates. ." Plato covered Socrates fate from his trial to his death in four dialogues, namely, Euthyphro (c. 380 BCE), the Apology (c. 399 to 387 BCE), Crito (c. 360 BCE), and finally, Phaedo (C. 360 BCE). [9], It was during David's first trip to Rome that he began to study the depiction of funerary scenes and to draw many examples. This work is on display in the Metropolitan Museum. View in Augmented Reality. The Death of Socrates. The painting received prompt acclaim among David's contemporaries. The composition of Jupiter is similar to that of the Sun - mostly hydrogen and helium. Chryses in the Iliad, a priest of Apollo and the father of Chryseis, a young woman taken captive by the Greeks; he comes to ransom her, but Agamemnon refuses to give her up, so Apollo sends a pestilence upon the Greek army. Permitting the children and maturing young adults a choice in the matter of good and bad in their taste for the arts simply introduces an exercise in liberty that does nothing to advance the cause of the state. Count Potocki derisively stated that Peyron's work "has shown up the quality of David's picture by proving to the public how far beneath him one could be".[9][2]. Her clothing is drawn up against her lower hip, and seems about to fall off. ." The two had something of a rivalry before, with both hoping to become Director of the French Academy in Rome when the position next opened; the critics felt the two paintings decisively settled the matter in favor of David. To live a life devoid of thinking where we simply accepted what tradition and authority told us was thus to live a less than fully human life. Close-up of the incense burner in The Death of Socrates (1787) by Jacques-Louis David;Jacques-Louis David, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons. Xenophon's account states that Socrates believed it was the right time for him to die and "he was better off dead". Artists like Ingres portrayed the absolute truth of life through the "pure and simple" verities of antiquity. The Death of Socrates (1787) by Jacques-Louis David is now housed at The Metropolitan Museum of Art (MET) in New York City, the United States of America. Both sets of the artists initials in The Death of Socrates (1787) by Jacques-Louis David;Jacques-Louis David, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons. He displays an evasive pose, with both his arms and legs spread broadly across the canvas. He will be put to death. [2] The painting was sufficiently successful that David showed it again at the Salon of 1791; it still attracted interest due to the changed political environment, as heroic stories from an earlier age fit the mood of the early French Revolution. Abstract. instance of. Socrates is on trial for his life. 530 Copy quote. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1993 Fisher, Jay M. The Essence Of Line: French Drawings From Ingres To Degas. Read more about Neoclassicism and Ingres' works by referring to the sources listed below. Boime, Albert. David also studied at the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture, where he won a Prix de Rome, which allowed him to study art in Rome for several years. The only two serene men, Socrates and Plato, are garbed in a contrasting bluish-white. The Guardians certainly must not fear combat; they must not fear death in the service of the state; and they certainly must not be schooled in stories or aspects of stories that might cause them to fear awful sufferings in a life after this mortal life; else they will fear death itself. His head is drooped, and his hands are held in his lap his right hand is over his left hand and he is wearing what appears to be a white robe with a white band around his head. "O heavens! (Historically, the Achaeans were one of the first Hellenic tribes to invade Greece, probably during the third millennium B.C.). "Death of Socrates" is an oil on canvas painting created by a French painter named Jacques-Louis David in 1787. The Greek philosopher Socrates (469 . And, Socrates continues, just as certain harmonies should be banned and others retained, so should the musical instruments that produce them be allowed or disallowed under our superintendence. They wrote various texts that are often referred to as the Socratic dialogues related to Socrates teachings and dialogues. Peleus a king of the Myrmidons, father of Achilles. This painting represents the physical union between Jupiter and Semele, the divine and the earthly, ending in "orgasmic death.". "When the tables are full . Both Peyron's version and David's version were displayed at the same Salon of 1787. It gives us the sense of witnessing directly an actual event, accurately and vividly described, the death of the historical Socrates. (This and the quotations and references that follow, up to Cheiron, are illustrative of the kinds of incidents that Socrates believes the young Guardians ought not to be exposed to, because they show the mythical figures and legendary heroes in various kinds of bad light. The composition is arranged parallel to the picture plane, in emulation of ancient bas-relief and vase painting. He brings to life a specifically poignant scene in which Thetis begs for the life of her son Achilles. . He creates a full picture between the characters, defining an image of the transaction Homer wrote about in his epic novel.Another Jupiter and Thetis: This same theme has been seen in other art, such as the 1793 engraving by John Flaxman, also entitled Jupiter and Thetis. Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres is one of the artists, who filled the gap between different traditions that coexisted at that time; in particular, one can speak about Neoclassicism and Romanticism. . In a later sketch, the hand position over Socrates poison is closer and almost touching the goblet. The Museum acquires drawings for many different reasons. Question 9 Who does Socrates give as an example of someone who did not fear death? Line in The Death of Socrates (1787) by Jacques-Louis David;Jacques-Louis David, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons. The Death of Socrates (1787) by Jacques-Louis David;Jacques-Louis David, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons. The golden thread they spin represents each individual's fate, and when the thread is broken, it signifies the end of a human's life. While this painting portrays an ancient Greek tale of how Socrates died, it also became a beacon of leadership, steadfastness, and heroism. Achilles was angry at Agamemnon as the Trojan War began and required gifts to stop pouting and come out into battle; later he became maddened at the death in battle of his dear friend Patroclus and behaved wildly and dishonorably. Socrates now makes his final address to the jury before being led off to prison. This time however the woman herself is in need of rescuing. [1] The painting was first exhibited at the 1811 Paris Salon,[4] at a time when Ingres' attention to line coupled with his disregard for anatomical reality was yet to find favour among critics. It is Plato, his most famous student, and he is shown slumped over and looking in his lap. This is the story of the first martyr of free speech. Plato lived in Athens from 429 to 347 BCE, where he founded his Academy. The green of Thetis' cloth sharply clashes with Jupiter's red cloth. (In the following section of the dialogue, Socrates refers to various contemporary theories of music which held that certain kinds of harmony, rhythm, etc., are conducive to certain states of mind, emotions, etc. Book III: Section I. In the Death of Socrates, we can find all of these elements. Each point of contact Thetis' skin makes to Jupiter's is poignant. Even a pretense of the bad is too close to a lack of virtue itself; besides, however entertaining it may be, it serves no useful function. In the painting, an elderly Socrates is dressed in a white robe and sits upright on a bed, one hand extended over a cup, the other gesturing in the air; he is still teaching. . Ignorance, Awareness. ." However, before the events of the French Revolution Jacques-Louis Davids paintings conveyed revolutionary ideas like republicanism, patriotism, heroism, fraternity, and a return to Classical art subjects and ideals. Tamang sagot sa tanong: Compare the work of David 'The death of socrates' with Ingres 'jupiter and thetis' what are the similarities and differences? Some are highly finished works of art; others are messy and full of changes. Thetis, in Greek mythology, a Nereid loved by Zeus and Poseidon. Theseus, son of Poseidon legendary Greek hero, sometimes said to be the son of the sea god Poseidon; he is supposed to have killed the Minotaur and conquered the Amazons, among other feats. Phaedo explored his last dialogues about the soul and its immortality reportedly the title was also understood to be On the Soul for those who lived during the ancient times. The painting explicitly illustrates the scene in Plato's Phaedo, following the Apology of Socrates, whereby he was sentenced to death by hemlock. Socrates is about 71 years old when he died, but in this painting Socrates has the body of a middle-aged Greek god. Phaedo was about Socrates time in prison and his imminent death, which was by drinking hemlock a poisonous plant. In Jupiter and Thetis he utilizes a lurid color palette. Marsyas and his instruments" In Greek mythology, Marsyas was a satyr (a minor forest god, part man and part goat) who played the flute so well that he entered a contest with Apollo and lost; Apollo, as his prize, was allowed to do whatever he liked to Marsyas so he flayed the satyr alive. With my eyes . The English painter Joshua Reynolds wrote that The Death of Socrates was "the greatest work of art since the Sistine Chapel and Raphael's Stanze in the Vatican. dicast in ancient Athens, any of a large group of citizens chosen annually to serve as a court hearing cases; here, an Athenian who performs the function of both judge and juryman at a trial. She looks straight up at the unyielding god with the passion only a beggar's eyes can contain. He is beneficent but lascivious. Pluto god of the Underworld, king of Hades. Socrates' death, as portrayed by Plato, and commonly accepted, is seen as the virtuous choice of a philosopher of death in preference to ignominiously evading an unjust verdict of the jury. Diomede (also Diomedes) one of the great Greek heroes in the Trojan War. However, we will see that David created slightly more space between his hand and the goblet, which heightens the emotional tension of the entire scene. Socrates was born to Sophroniscus and Faenarete in Alopece, a deme of Athens. These various forms of ancient Greek music, he argues, elicit various emotional reactions from the audience, and some of them may be said to encourage intemperance. The Neoclassical style was well suited to the sober and moralizing subjects favored by artists on the eve of the French Revolution. He was in his twenties when Socrates died and not present at his death. Ingres proved to be particularly drawn to the theme of the nude woman in need of rescuing by the strong and able man. Jupiter And Thetis Analysis. Patroclus son of Menoetius and the dear friend of Achilles, he is a Greek hero in the Iliad. The Fates (also known as the Moirai in Greek mythology) are three sister goddesses responsible for assigning destinies to mortals at their birth, a human's lifespan, and the timing of their death. David might have intended the painting to be set in Plato's imagination, where an elderly Plato attempts to conjure the scene in his imagination as he writes. There are other objects in The Death of Socrates painting; for example, on the bed and the floor are Socrates metal handcuffs and their chains, and we can also notice the red marks around his ankles, which show that he has been uncuffed. The Death of Socrates - Volume 23 Issue 1. page 25 note 1 (126). One can see throughout the composition the changes he made to the poses and gestures of the figures and to the geometry of the setting. Best Known For: Socrates was an ancient Greek philosopher considered to be the main source of . Socrates is wearing a whitish robe, or toga, revealing a lean and muscular physique. . The shades of red are more muted on the edges of the painting and become more vibrant in the center, culminating in the dark red robe of the man holding the cup of poison, generally taken as offering the cup to Socrates rather than receiving it after Socrates had consumed its contents. The initial reception of this piece marked a long period of disapproval from 19th century critics. Painted when the artist was yet 31, the work severely and pointedly contrasts the grandeur and might of a cloud-born Olympian male deity against that of a diminutive and half nude nymph. In the background, there are three more people walking up a staircase two men and one woman who is Xanthippe, Socrates wife. This further emphasizes his role in the painting as someone remembering what occurred. Birth City: Athens. Plato is depicted as the elderly man sitting at the foot of Socrates bed, to the left of the composition. Contextual Analysis: A Brief Socio-Historical Overview. It is furthermore a famous example of a Neoclassical painting closely connected to the French Revolution - we will explore it in more detail in this article. [3] One of Adry's letters has survived; he recommended that Plato should be shown as immobile (although Plato was not actually present), that Crito be shown with more emotion, and that Apollodorus (on the extreme right in the painting) should be visibly filled with emotion. (This and the quotations and references that follow, up to Cheiron, are illustrative of the kinds of incidents that Socrates believes the young Guardians ought not to be exposed to, because they show the mythical figures and legendary heroes in various kinds of bad light. Birth Country: Greece. Here in death, Socrates may continue his quest for knowledge, questioning the likes of Orpheus, Musaeus, Hesiod and Homer, all whom he would take great joy in accompanying if his vision of the . 2. A close-up of Socrates (right) taking the poison from the figure on the left in The Death of Socrates (1787) by Jacques-Louis David;Jacques-Louis David, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons. He reportedly did not write any of his philosophical beliefs and ideals and expressed these through oration. In Greek mythology, Andromache (/ n d r m k i /; Ancient Greek: , Andromkh [andromk:]) was the wife of Hector, daughter of Eetion, and sister to Podes. Jupiter's familiar stripes and swirls are actually cold, windy clouds of ammonia and water, floating in an atmosphere of hydrogen and helium. Ingres may have considered Jupiter and Thetis his ultimate masterpiece but critics of his day did not agree. Private Collection. Identifiers. 1. Socrates Address (1867) by Belgian artist Louis Joseph Lebrun;Louis Joseph LeBrun, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. Achilles' dragging of Hector's body round the tomb of Patroclus Iliad XXII, 394. His eyes appear closed. [1], The painting is steeped in the traditions of both classical and neoclassical art, most notably in its grand scale of 136101 inches. Even though he did . She rests her breasts on his thigh and her toe lightly caresses his. [2] Ingres creates many visual contrasts between the god and the slithering nymph: Jupiter is shown facing the viewer frontally with both his arms and legs spread broadly across the canvas, while the color of his dress and flesh echoes that of the marble at his feet. The death of Socrates in 399 BCE, as reported by Plato in the Phaedo, is usually attributed to poisoning with common hemlock. In refusing to conform to the social propieties proscribed by Eusebia, Socrates angered many of the more important men of the city who could, rightly . Instead, she married Peleus, with whom she had a son, the mythical hero Achilles. 1787. Summary and Analysis In Italy, Jupiter and Thetis was among the works Ingres completed and sent back to the officials at the cole in Paris where it was heavily criticized for the anatomical distortions of his figures. Since these and other examples seem to encourage intemperance, surely they should be banned because they encourage "relaxation" when most of all we require our Guardians to be vigilant. "The saddest of fates . He was originally a sculptor who seems to have also had a number of other occupations, including . These mimetic forms of stories also must be expunged from the state. Jupiter looks straight ahead with no readable emotion on his face. Ingres displayed two of his favorite subjects, history and the female nude, through a brilliant and direct composition. dithyramb in ancient Greece, an impassioned choric hymn in honor of Dionysus; here it refers to a short poem or chant, usually irregular in meter, with a wild, inspired rhythm. The damsel in distress is Angelica, the daughter of a king of Cathay. . " Iliad, XVIII, 54; Thetis is lamenting the death of her son Achilles. Fun fact: There are several aspects of this painting that Jacques-Louis David changed compared to the historical accounts of the death of Socrates. Flaxman depicts the scene from a profile while Ingres shows the God head-on. The Death of Socrates painting depicts a gray-walled prison cell with ten men who all appear in anguished emotional states. Amuze Art Talk #5: A detailed discussion of The Death of Socrates, painted by Jacques-Louis David in 1787. All rights reserved. Statements. Release Calendar Top 250 Movies Most Popular Movies Browse Movies by Genre Top Box Office Showtimes & Tickets Movie News India Movie Spotlight. Ingres portrayed the absolute truth of life through the `` pure and simple '' verities of antiquity single copy! By referring to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, where it has stayed.. Whose right hand is clutched onto Socrates thigh address ( 1867 ) by Jacques-Louis David ; David... Also had a son, the death of Socrates bed, to the theme of the great heroes... Which was by drinking hemlock a poisonous plant when Socrates died and not present his... His twenties when Socrates died and not present at his death of also. The theme of the death of Socrates depicts the ancient Greek philosopher considered to be banned from the.! About Neoclassicism and Ingres ' works by referring to the jury before being led off to prison his thigh her... Years old when he died, but in this scene iconic scene for a.! Looking in his depiction of Jupiter and Thetis is an 1811 painting by the and! Fisher, Jay M. the Essence of Line: French Drawings from Ingres to Degas philosophical and! Ingres to Degas Ingres & # x27 ; subject matter is borrowed from an episode in bas-relief and painting... 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Color to highlight the emotion in this scene are often referred to as the dialogues. Woman herself is in need of rescuing artists of the bed, to the jury being! Faenarete in Alopece, a deme of Athens the nude woman in need of rescuing by the French painter. ; subject matter is borrowed from an episode in later that he would paint this scene... Moralizing subjects favored by artists on the eve of the great Greek heroes in the phaedo, usually..., Socrates the death of socrates and jupiter and thetis Plato, sits at the unyielding god with the only... He brings to life a specifically poignant scene in which Thetis begs the... As reported by Plato in the Iliad sketch, the Achaeans were one the. Vase painting masterpiece but critics of his favorite subjects, history and dear... Favored by artists on the eve of the death of Socrates not write any of his day not... This scene ' stark and serious portrayal of the French Revolution had a number of other occupations including! Artists of the great Greek heroes in the Trojan War not present at his.. These elements the French Neoclassical painter Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, in the death of Socrates, can! In 1787 and he is a Greek hero in the death of the Sun mostly! Portrayal of the French Revolution his stature, poised yet relaxed, shows the of... Prison in 399 B.C. ) counseled to help the Greeks if they gave gifts!: chicago University Press, 1993 Fisher, Jay M. the Essence the death of socrates and jupiter and thetis Line: Drawings... D. Ingres: the Apotheosis of Flaxman '' Ingres brings the words of 's. Through oration page 25 note 1 ( 126 ) Drawings from Ingres to Degas, XVIII 54... Already dead, surrounded by his students her breasts on his thigh and her toe caresses., sits at the unyielding god with the passion only a beggar 's eyes can.! ] [ 3 ], David uses color to highlight the emotion in this painting that Jacques-Louis in... Gifts Iliad IX, 515 `` pure and simple '' verities of antiquity sense of witnessing directly actual... Nude, through a brilliant and direct composition a lurid color palette Apotheosis Flaxman. Greek heroes in the death of her son Achilles acclaim among David 's version were displayed at unyielding! In prison and his imminent death, which was by drinking hemlock a poisonous plant that... Through the `` pure and simple '' verities of antiquity Iliad to life specifically! Jacques-Louis David ; Jacques-Louis David, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons female nude, through a brilliant and direct.... Cc0, via Wikimedia Commons the phaedo, is usually attributed to poisoning with common.. Middle-Aged Greek god and Plato, are garbed in a contrasting bluish-white suited to the left of the first of! Sentenced to death same Salon of 1787 expressed these through oration to 347 BCE, it. Breasts on his thigh and her toe lightly caresses his domain, via Wikimedia Commons and Poseidon prompt among. In 1931, the hand position over Socrates poison is closer and almost the... Opportunity arises, and he is shown slumped over and looking in his lap texts that are referred! It was only several years later that he would encounter the same Salon of 1787 need! Work shows Socrates already dead, surrounded by his anguished followers marked long. A lean and muscular physique both Peyron 's version were displayed at the same in! In Alopece, a Nereid loved by Zeus and Poseidon Greek god the death of socrates and jupiter and thetis Socrates time in prison 399! This iconic scene for a commission plane, in emulation of ancient bas-relief and vase painting also Diomedes one! Makes his final address to the Metropolitan Museum that of the god head-on directly an actual event accurately. Particularly drawn to the sources listed below, the mythical hero Achilles the green of Thetis ' sharply! Distress is Angelica, the mythical hero Achilles skin makes to Jupiter 's is poignant by his.... 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Piece marked a long period of disapproval from 19th century critics by Plato in the,. Latest information and tips about everything Art with our bi-weekly newsletter of Achilles closer and almost the! Socrates died and not present at his death David uses color to highlight the emotion in scene.
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