EFSA Pannel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources Added to Food (ANS) Risk assessment for peri- and post-menopausal women taking food su pplements containing isola ted isoflavones. (2016) published another systematic review of 23 randomized controlled trials to determine the effect of soy isoflavone extracts on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women [51]. The Sun ruled our heart, blood circulation and spine, while the Moon had influence on growth, fertility, breasts, stomach, uterus and menstrual flow. He et al. Moreover, the number of publications grouping women according to pre- or post-diagnosis intake criteria is small. In fact, all the body fluids, as the tides, were controlled by the lunar phases. The authors indicated that no consensus was found regarding the protective effects of soy isoflavones (2080 mg) and equol (10 mg) on bone resorption. In any case, it is important to bear in mind that a great number of expert scientists and doctors think that breast cancer survivors should not increase their isoflavone intake [94], although others consider that their consumption is safe and beneficial [95]. Since hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase hydrolyze triglycerides into their constituents glycerol and fatty acids, their activation results in the delivery of the fatty acids to tissues such as muscle and adipose tissue. . Isoflavones have received attention due to their putative healthy properties. Therefore, the authors concluded that the intake of dietary isoflavones paid a protective role against ovarian cancer. In the same line, Yu et al. Effects of Acid Rain on Plants and Trees. This fact was not taken into account in previous meta-analyses, and thus it may justify the discrepancies amongst them. Thus, whereas Asian populations have an average isoflavone consumption of >30 mg/day, Western populations consume <1 mg/day [83]. However, the magnitude of risk reduction in Asian women was slightly larger than in non-Asian women (22% vs. 18%). and J.T. The site is secure. Phytoestrogen Metabolism by Adult Human Gut Microbiota. They found that the use of dietary isoflavones or supplements and extracts was associated with an improvement in hot flushes, but not with a reduction in the frequency of night sweats. Prospective study on usual dietary phytoestrogen intake and cardiovascular disease risk in Western women. Beneficial role of dietary phytoestrogens in obesity and diabetes. (2019), included 16 prospective cohort studies involving 11,169 breast cancer cases and 648,913 participants [70]. May affect males and females differently A 2015 study of 205 people found that the full moon may affect sleep differently in males and females. (2016) suggested that a daily intake of soy isoflavones, ranging from 20 to 100 mg/day, reduced total cholesterol and triglyceride plasma concentrations, as well as some markers of oxidative stress (nitric oxide and malonaldehyde), thus reducing cardiovascular risk [52]. Isoflavones are phenolic compounds with a chemical structure similar to that of estradiol. aimed to compare the effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia . Chang H.H., Robinson A.R., Common R.H. Excretion of radioactive diadzein and equol as monosulfates and disulfates in the urine of the laying hen. (2019) conducted a meta-analysis where 23 prospective studies with a total of 330,826 participants were included. In soybeans, the three most abundant isoflavones are present in four chemical forms: aglycone, glycoside, acetylglycoside and malonylglucoside (Table 1 and Figure 2). The authors found, in a small number of studies (17 studies including 337 healthy, diabetic or hypercholesterolemic individuals), that a soy protein-based diet (rich in isoflavones) as compared to animal protein-based diets (meat, milk, casein, whey) resulted in reduced total cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol concentrations, increased HDL cholesterol concentrations, improved LDL:HDL cholesterol ratio, and decreased triglycerides. Chadha R., Bhalla Y., Jain A., Chadha K., Karan M. Dietary Soy Isoflavone: A Mechanistic Insight. Matulka R.A., Matsuura I., Uesugi T., Ueno T., Burdock G. Developmental and Reproductive Effects of SE5-OH: An Equol-Rich Soy-Based Ingredient. Santo A.S., Santo A.M., Browne R.W., Burton H., Leddy J.J., Horvath S.M., Horvath P.J. Isoflavones could be used as an alternative therapy for pathologies dependent on hormonal disorders such as breast and prostate cancer, cardiovascular diseases, as well as to minimize menopausal symptoms. This fact suggests that other components, such as fiber in the soy foods, may account for these negative associations. Association of isoflavone biomarkers with risk of chronic disease and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. (2017) conducted a meta-analysis with ten observational studies to assess the association between the isoflavone compounds daidzein, genistein and equol, and breast cancer [61]. Isoflavones were the phytoestrogens used in most of the studies; therefore, the meta-analysis only included outcomes regarding isoflavones, while outcomes with other phytoestrogens were not included. However, the authors pointed out several limitations of this study, such as the important source of heterogeneity in their study. Even though red clover has a greater amount of isoflavones, it is not an edible plant, and it is consumed as a food complement. Consequently, isoflavones can have estrogenic or anti-estrogenic effects [3]. Cheynier V., Sarni-Manchado P., Quideau S., editors. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. With regard to isoflavone content in foodstuffs, it has been observed that in soybeans, the amount of these phenolic compounds ranges from 1.2 to 4.2 mg per g on dry weight, whereas in red clover, the amount varies between 10 and 25 mg per g on dry weight [15,16]. Juglans regia L. is a traditional plant that has been integrated into traditional medicine since ancient times. By contrast, the total isoflavone amount is high in soy flour, protein isolate or edamame [19]. In the last few decades, scientific evidence has stressed the importance of plants in the prevention and/or supportive treatment of a plethora of diseases, many of them chronic, age-associated disorders. (2016), nine studies addressed to menopausal women and focused on bone health were analyzed [52]. Jiang R., Botma A., Rudolph A., Hsing A., Chang-Claude J. Phyto-oestrogens and colorectal cancer risk: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. Publishers Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Abstract BELIEFS that phases of the moon have a differential effect on the rate of development of plants are both ancient and world-wide. Study duration ranged from four weeks to two years, with a median of 12 weeks. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (, isoflavones, flavonoids, phytoestrogens, soy, bone health, cardiovascular risk, cancer, menopausal symptoms. In a more recent systematic review, including two meta-analyses, as well as one multicenter and randomized controlled trial, Chen and his team concluded that isoflavones reduced lumbar spine bone mineral density loss [53]. However, more studies are required to provide stronger evidence. However, the moonlight decreases after the full moon. PV panels have been linked . Nevertheless, the metabolism of formononetin and biochanin A, the main isoflavones in red clover, has been less studied due to their limited presence in foodstuffs. Kim Y., Je Y. Flavonoid intake and mortality from cardiovascular disease and all causes: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. In view of the results gathered in the present review, we can conclude that there is scientific evidence that reveals the beneficial effect of isoflavones on bone health and thus in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Some gardening folklore suggests that planting crops according to the phases of the moon will give you a better harvest, but there is little scientific evidence to back this up. In conclusion, this study reported some evidence that suggests the beneficial role that daidzein and genistein play in preventing breast cancer risk. Isoflavone content in soy-derived products is usually lower than in soybeans [17]. Rossi M., Amaretti A., Roncaglia R., Leonardi A., Raimondi S. Dietary isoflavones and dietary microbiota: Metabolism and transformation into bioactive compounds. It is also important to mention that isoflavones could act as potential anticancer compounds due to their antioxidant role in malignant cell proliferation and differentiation (Figure 5). 2023 Scientific American, a Division of Springer Nature America, Inc. Regarding blood pressure, inconsistent results were reported in three further interventional studies (n = 406 healthy, postmenopausal or obese participants aged 5079 years) either in diastolic or systolic blood pressure, after a supplementation with soy-protein. Global climate change is not a future problem. Scientists not only seek supporting clues, but falsifying clues as well. Soy products (0.05130 g/day) and total isoflavones (0.28 to 63 mg/day). This is mainly due to their potential adverse effects, which range from increased coronary heart disease to stroke and cancer [53,85]. Yu Y., Jing X., Li H., Zhao X., Wang D. Soy isoflavone consumption and colorectal cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Chen M.N., Lin C.C., Liu C.F. Dietary isoflavones or isoflavone-rich food intake and breast cancer risk: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of isoflavone formulations against estrogen-deficient bone resorption in peri- and postmenopausal women. Potential health adverse effects in the intake of isoflavones have been postulated due to their estrogenic activity, especially in relation to breast cancer. Accessibility The authors observed that soy isoflavone consumption was inversely associated with cancer deaths. government site. The increased moonlight enhances leaf growth during the new moon and second quarter. The authors concluded that evidence for the role of isoflavones and soy products in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases was scarce and inconclusive. They observed that it was dose-dependent at low to moderate soybean consumption. The effect of the moon on planting times is stated as a matter of fact in such popular publications as The Old Farmer's Almanac and books such as Gardening and Planting by the Moon 2018, and, of course, calendars such as The Biodynamic Sowing and Planting Calendar 2018. In contrast, red clover was not associated with changes in the hot flush frequency. (2018) revised 13 epidemiologic studies involving 178,947 participants: 7067 cases and 171,880 controls; among them, three were prospective cohort studies, and ten were population-based case-control studies [71]. Another meta-analysis explored the effects of several pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments in the relief of vasomotor symptoms, taking into account not only hot flushes but also night sweats [89]. ); sue.uhe@ollitrop.yupairam (M.P.P. It has been described that after the oral intake of isoflavones, their peak plasma concentration in humans occurs at around seven hours [33]. On the contrary, a systematic review and meta-analysis reported by Man et al. Most would agree that the daily rising and falling of the moon, along with the monthly waxing and waning cycles, have effects on our oceans and seas. Wang X., Dykens J.A., Perez E., Liu R., Yang S., Covey D.F., Simpkins J.W. Lu D., Gigure V. Requirement of Ras-dependent pathways for activation of the transforming growth factor beta3 promoter by estradiol. ; Project Administration, M.P.P. ; WritingOriginal Draft Preparation, S.G.-Z., M.G.-A., A.F.-Q., I.E. Thanks for reading Scientific American. Thus, soybean can be considered as the best food source. The authors suggested that further studies grouping subjects by isoflavone intake or by the circulating isoflavone levels might enhance this association. However, it is important to mention that this connection has been established based on pre-clinical studies, whereas data derived from clinical trials have not demonstrated such association [92]. [(accessed on 21 September 2020)]; Messina M., Nagata C., Wu A.H. (2015) concluded that soy isoflavones have both a slight and slow effect in attenuating menopausal hot flushes [87]. However, the authors acknowledged several limitations to their study, such as the small sample size in the meta-analysis (middle-aged 276 women and 209 men), and recognized that a large number of subjects as well as a lengthier intervention are needed to investigate whether supplementation of soy isoflavones actually improves these outcomes. Further, Chalvon-Demersay et al. Reduction of the endometrial thickness in North American women (for 0.23 mm). In their systematic revision, which included 1307 menopausal (n = 139) and post-menopausal (n = 1268) women, Perna et al. Sex and long-term soy diets affect the metabolism and excretion of soy isoflavones in humans. It follows that additional high-quality, large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed. we announced our decision to consider the exercise of our enforcement discretion relative to the declaration of eight more isolated or synthetic non-digestible carbohydrates as dietary fibers when . However, there is still a great heterogeneity among studies, which makes the current data inconclusive. Proof by rational experiment seems to have been. The authors found a statistical inverse association between isoflavone consumption and colorectal cancer risk in case-control studies, although not in cohort studies. The unabsorbed isoflavones reach the colon, where they are absorbed after suffering structural modifications by colonic microbiota (Figure 3). Looking at a few examples of moonlight's. By contrast, it seems that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. Create your free account or Sign in to continue. In contrast, the effects on bone resorption biomarkers were more favorable in overweight or obese women than in women with a healthy weight. They performed a separated meta-analysis for each of the interventions, including dietary soy isoflavones (including four studies), supplements and extracts of soy isoflavones (including six studies) and red clover isoflavones (including seven studies). Focusing on the overall intake of isoflavones in humans, several studies have reported varied results. As it has been stated in the Bioavailability section, microbiota composition in humans makes equol production very variable, which yields high interindividual differences. For this reason, the results should be interpreted with caution, and more randomized clinical trials are imperative. The work reported by Lambert et al. Lastly, Abshirini et al. This chemical feature confers estrogenic or antiestrogenic effects to isoflavones, depending on the cell type and the binding to - or -estrogen receptors. Micek A., Godos J., Brzostek T., Gniadek A., Favari C., Mena P., Libra M., Del Rio D., Galvano F., Grosso G. Dietary phytoestrogens and biomarkers of their intake in relation to cancer survival and recurrence: A comprehensive systematic review with meta-analysis. Schmidt M., Arjomand-Wlkart K., Birkhuser M.H., Genazzani A.R., Gruber D.M., Huber J., Klbl H., Kreft S., Leodolter S., Linsberger D., et al. These positive effects were associated with 54 mg/day of genistein and 600 mg/day of synthetic isoflavone ipriflavone. Two of the studies also revealed that women who were able to produce equol or who had received equol supplementation could have had a greater benefit from isoflavones [53]. Estradiol, which has proven efficacy on hot flushes, needs 3.09 weeks to achieve half of its peak activity, while isoflavones require 13.4 weeks, suggesting that 12 weeks of treatment is not enough for soy isoflavones to exert a beneficial effect. The light reflected off the moon has an effect on life on Earth, which isn't surprising, but not every lunar influence is heralded by a wolf's howl. (2017) conducted a meta-analysis with 21 case-control studies and two cohort studies, with a total number of 11,346 cases and 140,177 controls [77]. Altogether, these results show that further studies are needed in order to find stronger conclusions. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Moonlight sonata. Diversely, Liu et al. They discuss their differences and resolve the discrepancies, if possible. Plants grow best when the moon is in the waxing phase, when its gravitational pull is strongest. Qiu S., Jiang C. Soy and isoflavones consumption and breast cancer survival and recurrence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Concerning this issue, six meta-analyses and two systematic reviews are included in the present review (Table 5). In fact, the number of isoflavones present was very variable among the different soy food types. Messina M.J. Legumes and soybeans: Overview of their nutritional profiles and health effects. Ingram D., Sanders K., Kolybaba M., Lopez D. Case-control study of phyto-oestrogens and breast cancer. . Consensus: Soy isoflavones as a first-line approach to the treatment of menopausal vasomotor complaints. Despite the positive effect of isoflavones, the authors emphasized that the effects took a long time to appear. van Erp-Baart M.A., Brants H.A., Kiely M., Mulligan A., Turrini A., Sermoneta C., Kilkkinen A., Valsta L.M. Liu J., Yuan F., Gao J., Shan B., Ren Y., Wang H., Gao Y. The main forms of conjugates in soybeans are the malonyl derivatives [14]. In addition, it is important to highlight that interindividual differences in gut bacterial populations are responsible for the diverse effects of isoflavones in humans. Inverse association between isoflavone consumption and colorectal cancer risk in case-control studies, but not in cohort studies. The water in the ocean on the side of the Earth closest to the moon experiences a larger gravitational attraction than the water on the opposite side. For this reason, the results should be interpreted with caution, and more randomized clinical trials are required. Daidzein is first converted into dihydrodaidzein, which is the precursor of both equol and O-demethylangolensin (O-DMA) [37]. (2020) revised the literature to find randomized controlled trials that evaluated the impact of soy protein supplementation (isoflavone intake ranging from 49.3 to 118 mg/day) on endothelial function parameters in postmenopausal women (n = 802) [58]. No association between isoflavone consumption and gastric cancer risk with the highest versus the lowest categories of dietary isoflavone intake, 30252 perimenopausal or postmenopausal women/report (1753 in total), Reduction of hot flush frequency (vs. placebo), Slight and slow attenuation of hot flushes (vs. estradiol), Slight and slow attenuation of hot flushes (vs. non-hormonal drugs), Soy isoflavones: 33200 mg/day and 6 g soy extract/day, Equol or isoflavone in equol-producers more effective than placebo, Reduction of VSM (hot flushes and night sweats) compared to placebo, Reduction of hot flush frequency by means of dietary isoflavones and supplements), 51403 menopausal and postmenopausal women, Beneficial effects of isoflavones (vs. placebo), 40403 menopausal and postmenopausal women. In like manner, a meta-analysis by Simental-Menda et al. 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